FAQs

• Q: What is the advantages of LifePO4 batteries?

  A: Compared to lead-acid and other lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries offer significant advantages, including improved discharge and charge efficiency, longer life span and the ability to deep cycle while maintaining power LifePO4 batteries often come with a higher price tag, but a much better cost over the life of the product. No maintenance and super long life make them a worthwhile investment and a smart long-term solution.

• Q:Why use lithium battery to replace lead-acid?

  A: Because comparing with lead-acid material, lithium iron phosphate battery energy density is about 6-7 times of lead acid, life span could reach 15 years, the weight is about 1/5 of lead-acid battery under the same volume. 

• Q:What are the application areas of lithium batteries?

  A: Lithium batteries are widely used in the following fields: new energy vehicles, Electronic products, medical equipment, two - and three-wheeled electric bicycles, power tools,Home energy storage systems, industrial and commercial energy storage systems, solar street lights, intelligent robots, portable power battery, car charging piles and so on.

• Q: What shapes and types of lithium batteries do you offer?

  A:CSiT manufacturers can provide customers with the following types:

  1.Cylindrical: The most common shape, similar to AA batteries. It has high energy density and good heat dissipation. They are widely used in applications such as laptops, power tools and electric bicycles.

  2.Prismatic battery: Shaped like a cuboid, with high energy density and cycle life, it is often used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

  3.Soft pack: Flexible housing, can be customized into a variety of shapes and sizes. Soft pack batteries have the advantages of being lightweight and thin, and are often used in devices such as smart watches, headphones and drones.

  4.Hard case: A rugged housing that can withstand high pressure and shock. Hard-shell batteries are commonly used in applications that require high energy density and safety, such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

  In addition, there are some special shapes of lithium batteries, which can be customized by customer needs.

• Q: How long does a lithium battery last?

  A: The life of lithium batteries is usually 5-10 years, depending on several factors: battery type, service conditions, and maintenance.

• Q: How many times is the cycle life of a lithium battery?

  Lithium batteries of different materials have different cycle life.

  Lithium ion phosphate (LiFePO4) : 2000-5000 times

  Ternary material (NCM/NCA) : 500-1500 times

  Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) : 300-1000 times

  But the actual cycle life will be affected by the depth of discharge, charge rate, temperature, battery management system and many other factors.

• Q: How to properly maintain lithium batteries?

  Avoid overcharging and overdischarging:

  Store in a cool, dry place:

  Maintain 20-40% power:

  Periodic charge and discharge:

  Avoid high current charge and discharge:

  Do not disassemble or modify the battery:

  Pay attention to battery health:

  Do not store lithium batteries with metal items to avoid short circuit

  Etc.

• Q: How to choose the right lithium battery?

  A: Consider battery capacity, voltage, discharge current, size and weight. You can also send your requirements to us, CSiT can provide you with exclusive customized solutions.

• Q: What's special about 18650 lithium batteries?

  A: 18650 lithium cell has the characteristics of high energy density, long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, wide application, light weight and relatively low cost.At present, it is a popular lithium battery type on the market.

• Q: Do you offer lithium battery customization services?

  A: Yes, we will provide customized lithium battery solutions, according to your different needs for different designs.

• Q: What is sodium-ion battery?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries are a new type of battery technology that uses sodium ions as the main carrier and works in a similar way to lithium-ion batteries. It consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte. When the battery is charged, sodium ions escape from the positive electrode and migrate through the electrolyte to the negative electrode. When a battery is discharged, sodium ions migrate from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, releasing electrons.

• Q: What are the advantages of sodium-ion batteries?

  1.Low cost: Sodium is an abundant element on Earth and is much cheaper than lithium, which makes sodium-ion batteries a cost advantage.

  2.High safety: Sodium-ion batteries have inherent high thermal stability and chemical stability, and are not prone to thermal runaway or explosion.

  3.Sustainability: Sodium is a renewable resource, which makes sodium-ion batteries a sustainable battery technology.

  4.Wide temperature range: Sodium-ion batteries can operate in a wide temperature range from -20°C to 60°C.

  5.Long cycle life: The cycle life of sodium-ion batteries is usually more than 2000-5000 times.

  6.High rate discharge capacity: Sodium-ion batteries have good high rate discharge capacity and can provide high current output.

• Q: Sodium-ion batteries can be used in what fields?

  A: Home energy storage systems, Industrial and commercial energy storage systems, electric vehicles, car start-stop batteries, power tools.Medical equipment, military and aerospace fields, wearable devices, portable mobile power supply, power grids, ships, etc.

• Q: Why choose sodium batteries instead of lithium batteries?

  A: Sodium is more abundant than lithium, so sodium batteries are cheaper to produce; Good sustainability: Sodium is a renewable resource, while lithium is a limited resource; High safety: sodium-ion batteries have inherent high thermal stability and chemical stability, and are not easy to occur thermal runaway or explosion; Good low temperature performance: The performance of sodium-ion batteries at low temperatures is better than that of lithium-ion batteries, and it is more suitable for applications in cold climates. And with the continuous development of technology, sodium batteries are expected to replace lithium batteries in more and more applications.

• Q: What is the production process of sodium-ion batteries?

  A:The production process of sodium-ion batteries is similar to that of lithium-ion batteries and mainly includes the following steps: raw material preparation, electrode manufacturing, battery assembly, electrolyte filling, sealing and aging, testing and sorting.

• Q: What are the future trends of sodium-ion batteries?

  A: As CSiT researchers continue to explore the production technology of sodium-ion batteries, the performance and cost of sodium-ion batteries will continue to improve in the coming years. It will increase energy density, extend cycle life, reduce costs, and form a complete industrial chain from raw materials to finished products. Promote sodium-ion batteries to replace lithium-ion batteries in more and more applications.

• Q: Can sodium-ion battery power a car?

  A: Yes, sodium-ion batteries can power cars. Some automakers have begun to explore sodium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, and CSiT can also manufacture and produce sodium-ion powered batteries.

• Q: What products do you currently have that are made with sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Our current products with sodium electricity are: prismatic cell, cylindrical cell, soft pack battery. Home energy storage, power tools, power batteries and more. It can also be customized to your needs

• Q: How can I place battery order for battery packs?

  A: We will check your battery request in details and provide our proposal, once confirmed, we will provide PI for you to arrange payment to proceed with sample order first, once sample confirmed, we will prepare spec data sheet for your record, and send sales contract for you to sign and arrange payment, then we will proceed with mass production. 

• Q: What kind of materials do you you for energy storage battery?

  A: Normally we use LiFePO4 battery cells, but we will also use sodium-ion battery cells , too. 

• Q: What’s the main application of solar ESS?

  A: Photovoltaic energy storage is mainly used in fields such as grid regulation, peak flattening, and backup power supply to smooth power loads and provide continuous and stable power supply.

• Q: Which brand of cells are you using for your energy storage battery?

  A: Basically, we use CATL battery cells with cycle life over 6000 times at 80% DOD, but we can also use other brands such as GOTIN, Lishen, Solvt, etc. 

• Q: What’s the lead time for mass production？

  It depends on the actual situation. For example, if it’s mass production order for stackable energy storage battery with the quantity of 100-500pcs, lead time is about 40-42 days. If we have the right item in stock, lead time is about 3-7 days. 

• Q: Which brand of inverter does your stacked energy storage battery compatible with?

  A: Our battery is compatible with most mainstream brands in the market, such as PACE / PYLON / Growatt / Voltronic / Schneider / Luxpowertek / WOW / VISION / GoodWe / SMA / Sorotec / STUDER / SofarSolar / GINLONG / MUST / Victron，etc.

• Q: What kind of inverter do you have?

  A: We have single phase inverters for low voltage energy storage system and three phase inverters for high voltage energy storage system, the power including 4.5kW,6kW,7.5kW,9kW,12kW for single phase type and 9kW,12kW,15kW,18kW and 22.5kW for 3 phase type. 

• Q: What are the advantages of your company?

  A:High quality products: We use only grade A cell, run through inspection 3~4 times during production process, and strictly comply with ISO quality system. So you don’t have to worry about the quality of the products.

  Our employees have 20+ years experience: It means that we are able to provide your company with superior lithium-ion battery products and services to meet the changing market needs.

  10 years warranty:  10 years warranty for Energy Saving System means we are confident in the reliability and durability of our products, which means your investment is protected for the next 10 years.

  Large production scale: There are 3 factories to make raw materials, and we are building a new gigafactory for mass production big order. So it can be produced efficiently and meet your commodity needs.

• Q: What is the annual output of your company?

  A: We have two factories in Dongguan and Ma’anshan, Anhui Province, covering a total area of 66,000 square meters, with an annual output of 2.5Gwh battery cell manufacturing and 5Gwh battery pack and energy storage products.

• Q: What is the delivery time and cost?

  A: Different products and countries will have different delivery times and costs. Different modes of transport will also have different costs, depending on the needs of the customer. Contact us and we will provide you with an estimate of delivery times and costs for the products you require.

• Q: How do I order a product or service?

  You can send your request by email:

  sales01@csit-energy.com

  sales02@csit-energy.com

  Or call:

  +86 135 8089 1863

  +86 189 3432 8174

  You can also leave a message in the background of the home page, we will reply the first time.

• Q：Are you a trading company or factory?

  A: We are group company with our own factory located in Linyi,Shandong and Dongguan,Guangdong, total area is over 66000 m2, and with several offices located in Dongguan, Anhui, Shanghai and Suzhou. 

• Q: What’s your main products?

  A: China Sodium-ion (Shenzhen) New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (CSIT) mainly make sodium-ion batteries, energy storage lithium batteries and matching inverters fportable power stations, our battery application is very wide including residential, commercial and industrial energy storage system, communication base station, electric power tools, electric mobility, 3C digital products, lights, etc. 

• Q: What’s the payment terms?

  A: For battery cells and energy storage battery, we normally accept 30% deposit, balance to be paid before shipment for the first cooperation, if you have any special payment terms request after that, we will send your document to our finical department to confirm.

• Q: Can you accept OEM/ODM order?

  A: Yes, we can. OEM/ODM requests are warmly welcome for both battery and inverter, we can add your LOGO on or re-design the housing for you. 

• Q: What’s the warranty time of your battery?

  A: For energy storage lifepo4 battery, we offer 10 years warranty because we have confidence about the battery quality, choose only grade A first racking brand of cells, and we have a strict quality control system to make sure the materials and finished products is qualified. 

• Q: What kind of shipping way could you arrange?

  A: We can arrange shipment by sea/air/land for our energy storage battery, sodium-ion battery, power battery pack and lead-acid replacement battery, sometimes we can also arrange shipment via express company such as UPS/DHL/Fedex, etc. Kindly note that battery is unlike normal goods, the shipping costs is higher and some necessary reports are needed when arrange formal routine. 

• Q: How do I track my order?

  A: After the order is generated, we will have specialized personnel to track the production progress of the product and timely feedback with the customer. After the shipment, there will also be real-time logistics information to track the progress of the goods.

• Q: What are your office hours?

  A: Our office hours are 9 am to 6 PM, Beijing time, Monday to Saturday.

  But we have 24-hour customer service online to answer your questions at any time.

• Q: What is a sodium-ion battery?

  A: A sodium-ion battery is a rechargeable cell using sodium ions as charge carriers. CSiT takes sodium-ion battery as our long-term strategic core, developing low-temperature sodium products for energy storage, telecom stations, vehicle start-stop and two/three-wheelers, while supplying mature lithium batteries as complementary power solutions.

• Q: What are the core advantages of sodium-ion batteries compared with lithium batteries?

  A: Sodium raw materials are globally abundant without lithium/cobalt price volatility. Sodium-ion cells deliver excellent low-temperature discharge, higher thermal safety, lower thermal runaway risk and lower long-cycle cost, perfectly matching stationary storage, telecom backup and low-speed mobility scenarios.

• Q: What application scenarios are CSiT sodium-ion batteries suitable for?

  A: Our sodium-ion batteries are specially developed for residential & C&I energy storage, telecom base station backup power, vehicle start-stop systems and two/three-wheelers. We also provide supporting lithium battery packs for the above scenarios as supplementary options.

• Q: Can sodium-ion batteries work stably in cold environments?

  A: Yes. Sodium-ion chemistry avoids lithium plating under low temperature, maintaining stable discharge capacity at -40℃~55℃. It is the ideal choice for outdoor telecom stations and energy storage projects in cold regions.

• Q: Are sodium-ion batteries safer than lithium-ion batteries?

  A: Definitely. Sodium-ion cells feature weaker chemical activity, lower risk of thermal runaway, and can be fully discharged to 0V for safe transportation, greatly reducing fire hazards for unattended telecom and energy storage sites.

• Q: How many charge cycles can CSiT sodium-ion batteries achieve?

  A: Our mass-produced sodium-ion batteries support 6000~8000 deep discharge cycles. With matched intelligent BMS, the service life can reach 15 years for energy storage and telecom backup power.

• Q: Will sodium-ion batteries completely replace lithium batteries in the future?

  A: They will coexist as complementary technologies. CSiT focuses on sodium-ion as our strategic priority for cost-sensitive stationary storage and low-speed vehicles, while lithium batteries remain a supporting product for customers with high energy density demands.

• Q: How about the cost of sodium-ion batteries in the long run?

  A: Sodium mineral resources are widespread and cheap. When our Ma’anshan production base reaches full capacity (2.5GWh sodium cells, 5GWh battery packs), sodium-ion solutions will show obvious cost advantages over lithium batteries for large-scale storage projects.

• Q: Does CSiT support customized sodium-ion battery packs?

  A: Yes. We provide one-stop customized sodium & lithium battery solutions, including capacity, voltage, size, communication protocol and BMS development for energy storage, telecom, two/three-wheelers and vehicle start-stop projects.

• Q: What is your full annual production capacity of sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Our 66,000 ㎡ Ma’anshan manufacturing base reaches full capacity of 2.5GWh sodium-ion cells and 5GWh integrated battery packs, to fulfill bulk orders from global distributors and project integrators.

• Q: What’s the background of CSiT’s R&D and management team?

  A: Our core R&D and management team has over 20 years of new energy experience, with senior technical talents recruited from CATL, Shanshan Technology and Narada Power Source, ensuring stable sodium-ion cell performance and mass production consistency.

• Q: Can sodium-ion batteries be used for telecom base station backup power?

  A: Very suitable. Low self-discharge rate, wide temperature adaptability and high safety make sodium-ion batteries the mainstream backup power choice for remote outdoor telecom stations.

• Q: Is sodium-ion battery a good solution for household and commercial energy storage?

  A: Yes. CSiT’s low-temperature sodium storage packs solve capacity attenuation problems of lithium batteries in cold areas, with lower whole-life cycle cost for residential and C&I solar energy storage systems.

• Q: Can sodium-ion batteries be installed on two-wheelers and three-wheelers?

  A: Absolutely. Our sodium-ion battery packs are lightweight, stable in low temperature and cost-effective, widely applied in electric two/three-wheelers for logistics and daily mobility.

• Q: Do I need special BMS or inverters for sodium-ion battery systems?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries require dedicated matched BMS due to different voltage curves. Our technical team provides supporting BMS and parameter guidance to help you match mainstream storage inverters and power equipment.

• Q: How environmentally friendly are sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries contain no rare lithium, cobalt or nickel, with lower carbon emissions during production. The materials are easier to recycle, complying with global green energy and EU environmental regulations.

• Q: What delivery cycle can CSiT offer for sodium-ion battery orders?

  A: For standard sodium-ion cell and battery pack models, we support 10-20 days delivery. Customized solutions will be confirmed with technical drawings within 5 working days, with negotiable mass production lead time based on order volume.

• Q: Does CSiT provide after-sales technical support for sodium-ion battery projects?

  A: We offer full lifecycle technical services, including system scheme design, on-site installation guidance, BMS debugging and after-sales fault maintenance for global energy storage, telecom and mobility customers.

• Q: Why choose CSiT as your sodium-ion battery supplier?

  A: As a subsidiary of Nasdaq-listed E-Power Inc., CSiT focuses on forward-looking sodium-ion battery technologies, delivering one-stop sodium & lithium battery solutions for diversified power scenarios. We own large-scale sodium production capacity, senior industry R&D team and complete vertical supply chain, serving reliable battery products to global partners.

• Q: Can I use existing lithium battery chargers or inverters to match CSiT sodium-ion battery packs?

  A: No, sodium-ion cells have unique voltage platforms different from lithium batteries, so dedicated matched chargers and inverters are required. Our engineering team will provide full parameter configuration, BMS matching suggestions and compatible device lists for energy storage, telecom and two/three-wheeler projects. We also supply supporting lithium battery solutions as complementary options for customers with existing lithium equipment.

• Q: What daily maintenance rules should I follow for sodium-ion battery energy storage systems?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries allow deep discharge to 0V with low damage risk, but regular visual inspection of terminals and shell is required. Avoid long-term storage under full charge; store at 40%-60% SOC for long idle periods. Our technical manual includes standardized maintenance procedures for outdoor telecom base stations and cold-region energy storage projects to extend service life.

• Q: What cathode and anode material route does CSiT adopt for mass-produced sodium-ion cells?

  A: We adopt low-cost manganese-based and NFPP(polyanion)as cathode material, and hard carbon as anode material, drawing on core material R&D experience from senior engineers who previously worked at CATL, Shanshan Technology and Narada Power Source. This material system features wide temperature resistance, stable cycle performance and abundant raw material supply, forming our core technical barrier for sodium-ion mass production.

• Q: Does CSiT provide recycling and echelon utilization solutions for end-of-life sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Yes. Sodium-ion batteries contain no rare lithium, cobalt or nickel, with simpler recycling processes than lithium batteries. We cooperate with professional recycling partners to realize echelon utilization of retired sodium cells for low-power backup power, and provide full-cycle environmental disposal plans for global project clients to meet EU and international green energy regulations.

• Q: Does CSiT support OEM & white-label customization of sodium-ion battery packs for overseas distributors?

  A: Absolutely. We provide one-stop OEM & white-label services including custom shell, logo printing, BMS program modification and private packaging design. Our Ma’anshan base with full capacity of 2.5GWh sodium cells can support stable bulk order delivery for global distributors across Europe, Southeast Asia and North America, while lithium battery OEM is available as auxiliary matching products.

• Q: What core advantages do polyanion materials have when used as cathodes for sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Polyanion cathodes feature multiple outstanding strengths ideal for energy storage, telecom backup and low-speed mobility scenarios, which is why CSiT prioritizes this technical route for our sodium-ion cells.

  1.Ultra-high structural stability: Its rigid 3D framework with strong covalent P-O bonds causes tiny volume expansion during sodium ion insertion and extraction, supporting 3000–5000 deep cycles and long service life.
  2.Excellent thermal safety: Robust polyanion crystal structures suppress oxygen release under high temperature, with far lower thermal runaway risk than layered oxide cathodes, perfectly matching unattended outdoor energy storage and telecom stations.
  3.High stable operating voltage: The inductive effect of polyanion groups raises average discharge voltage, boosting overall battery energy output and system efficiency. Reliable wide-temperature performance: Stable ion diffusion channels maintain consistent capacity output at -20℃ to 55℃, solving cold-region power attenuation pain points.
  4.Low-cost & eco-friendly industrialization: We adopt iron/manganese-based polyanion systems without scarce lithium, cobalt or nickel, with abundant raw materials and simple recycling procedures, lowering full-lifecycle project costs. We also provide complementary lithium battery packs for customers with high energy density demands as auxiliary solutions.

• Q: What are the key advantages of sodium-ion batteries compared with traditional lead-acid batteries?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries outperform lead-acid cells comprehensively for energy storage, telecom backup, two/three-wheelers and vehicle start-stop scenarios, with obvious strengths as below:

  1.Ultra-long cycle life: Lead-acid batteries only support 300–500 shallow cycles and need replacement every 2–3 years; CSiT sodium-ion cells reach 6,000–8,000 deep cycles with an 15–20 year service life, cutting long-term replacement costs greatly.
  2.Excellent low-temperature performance: At -20℃, sodium-ion batteries retain ~90% rated capacity, while lead-acid ones drop to merely 48%, failing to deliver stable power in cold regions for outdoor telecom stations and low-speed vehicles.
  3.Full deep discharge tolerance: Sodium-ion cells can be safely discharged to 0V without permanent damage; lead-acid batteries suffer severe sulfation and capacity decay once over-discharged, and only 50% of their rated capacity can be practically used.
  4.Lighter weight & higher energy density: Sodium-ion energy density hits 100–160 Wh/kg, far exceeding lead-acid’s 30–50 Wh/kg. Same-capacity sodium packs weigh 60% less, saving installation and transportation costs.
  5.Low maintenance & low self-discharge: Lead-acid batteries require regular watering and recharging every 3 months to avoid failure; sodium-ion products need zero daily maintenance and can be stored up to 12 months without frequent top-up charging.
  6.Higher safety & eco-friendliness: Lead-acid contains toxic lead and sulfuric acid with leakage risks; sodium-ion batteries have no heavy metals, low thermal runaway risk, simpler recycling and comply with strict global environmental regulations.
  7.Better cost performance in full lifecycle: Though lead-acid has lower upfront price, sodium-ion’s long lifespan, high usable capacity and zero maintenance lower total operation expenses over decades. As sodium-ion is our long-term strategic core product, we also supply mature lithium battery packs as complementary solutions for customers with customized high energy density demands.

• Q: What is the essential difference in ion migration paths between sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries during charging and discharging?

  A: Both sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries rely on intercalation and deintercalation of metal ions on positive and negative electrodes to complete charge and discharge cycles, yet the difference in ion size leads to completely different electrochemical performance. Lithium ions feature smaller radii and fit graphite anodes; sodium ions have larger diameters and cannot intercalate into conventional graphite, requiring hard carbon anodes instead. During charging, sodium ions detach from manganese-based or polyanion cathodes, migrate through electrolyte and embed into hard carbon anodes for storage; the movement reverses during discharge. This structural difference fundamentally determines three exclusive strengths of sodium batteries: wide temperature tolerance, safe full discharge to 0V, and zero lithium plating risk. It also explains why dedicated BMS and chargers are mandatory and cannot be shared with lithium batteries.

• Q: Why do sodium-ion batteries avoid short-circuit and fire hazards caused by lithium plating in lithium batteries under low temperatures?

  A: Lithium plating refers to metallic lithium dendrites precipitating under low temperatures, which pierce separators and trigger short circuits. Sodium ions have a higher intercalation potential than metallic sodium precipitation potential, so no metallic sodium dendrites will form under low-temperature conditions, eliminating separator puncture risks at the electrochemical root. Even under extreme cold as low as -40°C, no metallic sodium accumulates inside cells, fundamentally avoiding low-temperature fire risks and making sodium batteries ideal for outdoor energy storage and telecom base stations in frigid regions.

• Q: What is the gap in ion conduction rate between polyanion sodium cathodes and manganese-based sodium cathodes?

  A: Polyanion NFPP crystals feature 3D ion transport channels with sodium ion conduction speed 1.6 times faster than manganese oxide cathodes. They support continuous 3C fast charging and 10C pulse high-power discharge. Manganese-based cathodes have narrow ion channels with weak rate performance, only suitable for low-power long-duration energy storage scenarios. Polyanion cells are prioritized for power frequency regulation, instant startup of telecom stations and vehicle start-stop power supplies requiring high instantaneous power.

• Q: Which core equipment needs replacement if converting an existing lithium battery production line to manufacture sodium-ion batteries, and what is the total transformation cost?

  A: Lithium cell production lines can be modified to produce sodium batteries without full new factory construction. Only cathode slurry mixing systems, electrolyte filling equipment and grading cabinet testing programs require replacement; coating, calendering, winding and sealing equipment remain compatible. The transformation cost for a 1GWh production line ranges from USD 110,000 to USD 165,000 with a 15–25 day modification cycle. CSIT’s Ma’anshan manufacturing base realizes mass production of 2.5GWh sodium cells via such compatible retrofitted lines.

• Q: Does the raw material supply chain for mass-produced sodium-ion batteries face overseas supply chain bottlenecks?

  A: Core raw materials for sodium batteries including soda ash, manganese, iron and hard carbon have sufficient domestic output in China, free from reliance on overseas scarce mineral resources like lithium, cobalt and nickel. Polyanion precursors and sodium salt electrolytes have achieved large-scale domestic mass production, unaffected by overseas mineral export policies and violent lithium price fluctuations, enabling stable long-term supply for global energy storage projects.

• Q: How does the mass production yield of sodium-ion cells compare with lithium iron phosphate cells?

  A: In large-scale mass production, polyanion sodium cells maintain a stable yield above 98.2%, matching the yield level of lithium iron phosphate cells, while manganese-based sodium cells reach a 97.5% yield rate. Backed by an R&D and technical team with 20 years of lithium industrialization experience, we deliver grade-A sodium cells with consistent batch performance without mass production consistency defects.

• Q: How long is the investment payback period for residential PV energy storage systems equipped with sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Calculated based on a 10kWh residential PV storage system in northern cold regions: sodium batteries feature a 15-year cycle lifespan, zero daily maintenance and zero capacity attenuation in low temperatures, with nearly zero annual replacement and maintenance costs. In contrast, lithium iron phosphate batteries suffer 20% annual capacity degradation and require full replacement every 5 years. Sodium storage systems shorten the investment payback cycle by 1.8–2.5 years, with more prominent cost advantages in cold, high-sunlight areas.

• Q: What charge-discharge rate configuration of sodium-ion batteries fits peak-valley arbitrage for commercial & industrial energy storage?

  A: For conventional 0.2C–0.5C cycling in C&I peak-valley arbitrage, manganese-based sodium cells deliver the best cost performance. Projects requiring supporting frequency regulation and instantaneous high-power loads (transformer startup, emergency equipment power supply) shall adopt 3C high-rate polyanion sodium cells to balance long cycle life and instant high power output.

• Q: How much can sodium-ion batteries cut annual operating costs of shared battery swap stations for two-wheelers compared with lead-acid batteries?

  A: Sodium batteries support over 6,000 cycles with an 8–10 year service life for swap stations, versus only 2 years for lead-acid batteries. They require no water refilling maintenance and eliminate capacity loss caused by sulfation. Annual battery replacement and labor maintenance costs per swap station drop by 62%. Stable winter low-temperature capacity also reduces user churn losses caused by insufficient cold-weather range.

• Q: What power range of off-grid PV inverters is compatible with sodium-ion battery energy storage systems?

  A: Sodium battery systems support off-grid inverters ranging from 0.5kW to 2MW. Mainstream single-phase and three-phase PV storage inverters only need adjusted BMS communication protocols for matching. In off-grid projects without grid voltage stabilization, sodium cells can safely discharge fully to 0V without permanent damage after long periods of low-light standby, perfectly fitting mountain and pastoral off-grid power stations.

• Q: What maximum fast charging rate can sodium-ion batteries support?

  A: Some polyanion sodium cells support standard continuous 3C fast charging, reaching 80% state of charge within 15 minutes. Lithium batteries require mandatory preheating for low-temperature fast charging to avoid irreversible attenuation, making sodium batteries the superior option for outdoor fast charging.

• Q: Which storage state causes more severe damage to sodium-ion batteries: long-term full charge or deep discharge?

  A: Long-term static storage at full state of charge accelerates electrolyte decomposition and minor capacity attenuation. Short-term full discharge to 0V brings no permanent damage, yet static storage at 0V for over 6 months will slightly consume electrolyte. The standard long-term idle storage SOC range is 40%–60%, requiring one supplementary charge every 12 months, far less demanding than storage rules for lead-acid and lithium batteries.

• Q: How many battery packs can be connected in parallel for sodium-ion energy storage system expansion, and does parallel connection bring voltage difference risks?

  A: When paired with dedicated sodium-ion BMS, up to 16 battery packs can be connected in parallel. The built-in dynamic balancing algorithm of BMS controls the parallel voltage difference below 0.02V throughout charge and discharge cycles, avoiding overcharging or over-discharging of single packs, suitable for large-scale C&I energy storage and multi-group parallel telecom backup power systems.

• Q: What insulation and fireproof construction standards are required for installing sodium-ion battery energy storage systems?

  A: Sodium cells feature inherently low thermal runaway risks, yet standard fireproof supporting construction is still recommended for engineering installation: flame-retardant thermal insulation cotton inside cell cabinets, forced ventilation and heat dissipation, insulating terminal sleeves, and lightning grounding devices. Outdoor telecom and energy storage cabinets do not need dedicated fire sprinkler systems; only dry powder fire extinguishers are required, cutting additional fire renovation costs for machine rooms.

• Q: What physical state do sodium-ion cells maintain after acupuncture, extrusion and overcharge safety compliance tests?

  A: Under full national standard GB38031 safety tests including acupuncture, extrusion, 100% overcharge and short circuit, NFPP sodium cells only generate mild heat without ignition, explosion or massive electrolyte leakage. In comparison, ternary lithium batteries catch fire and burn after acupuncture while lithium iron phosphate cells produce local high-temperature smoke, granting sodium batteries a higher safety rating for unattended machine rooms and outdoor energy storage stations.

• Q: Is heating film insulation mandatory for outdoor sodium battery storage cabinets deployed in low-temperature regions?

  A: Sodium cells support a wide operating temperature window of -40°C to 55°C and require no heating insulation under normal operation. Only projects with continuous high-power discharge below -35°C can optionally install low-power heating films. Standard outdoor telecom and residential energy storage systems eliminate heating equipment entirely to reduce overall power consumption and procurement costs.

• Q: Which low-power scenarios are prioritized for echelon utilization of retired sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Retired sodium cells retaining over 70% rated capacity after cycle attenuation can be reassembled for echelon applications: small telecom backup power, residential PV standby power, street lamp energy storage and low-speed vehicle start power. Cells with residual capacity below 70% enter material dismantling and recycling processes with zero heavy metal pollution.

• Q: What simplified procedures exist in sodium battery dismantling and recycling workflows compared with lithium batteries?

  A: Sodium batteries contain no scarce lithium, cobalt or nickel precious metals, eliminating high-temperature wet extraction steps for rare metals required by lithium battery recycling. The full workflow only includes physical crushing, sodium salt separation and hard carbon regeneration. Recycling line equipment investment is 40% lower than lithium recycling lines, reducing comprehensive processing costs for recyclers and simplifying EU environmental certification approval.

• Q: What cycle stability advantages do hard carbon anodes hold over graphite anodes when applied in sodium-ion batteries?

  A: Graphite crystal lattices cannot accommodate sodium ions and collapse rapidly to trigger capacity attenuation. Hard carbon features disordered porous structures that stably embed and deintercalate sodium ions with negligible structural expansion after 3,000 deep cycles, serving as the only mature commercial anode material for mass-produced sodium batteries and the core pillar of long cycle lifespan.

• Q: What mandatory certifications are required for sodium-ion batteries exported to Europe and Southeast Asia?

  A: Exports to the EU demand UN38.3 transportation certification, CE and RoHS environmental compliance certificates. Southeast Asian market shipments require MSDS and IEC62619 energy storage battery standard reports.

• Q: What national standards apply to China domestic sodium-ion batteries, and which test reports are required for energy storage project filing?

  A: Current applicable national standards include GB/T 43043-2023 General Requirements for Sodium-ion Batteries and GB38031 Lithium-ion Traction Battery Safety Standard. Energy storage project filing requires full third-party test reports covering cell cycle life, wide-temperature performance, thermal safety and BMS matching.

• Q: What application scenarios are unsuitable for sodium-ion batteries at present, and what are their core limitations?

  A: Long-range passenger vehicles, high-end consumer 3C electronics and aviation power batteries are not recommended for sodium-ion adoption, with the core limitation of lower energy density than ternary and lithium iron phosphate lithium batteries. For scenarios demanding high energy density, complementary lithium battery solutions are provided. Sodium batteries focus on cost-effective, high-safety wide-temperature energy storage and low-speed mobility tracks, coexisting with lithium batteries as complementary technologies.

• Q: What benefits do sodium-ion start-stop batteries deliver for new energy heavy trucks and construction machinery?

  A: Polyanion high-rate sodium cells satisfy instantaneous high pulse discharge demands during vehicle startup. They retain 90% rated capacity at -30°C to eliminate cold start failure issues common with lead-acid batteries in winter. With a 15-year service life, sodium replacements for traditional lead-acid start batteries drastically cut full-lifecycle vehicle battery replacement expenses.

• Q: Which industrial links will drive sodium-ion battery industrial chain price declines after 2026?

  A: Three major cost reduction segments: 1. Mass scaled production of hard carbon anodes continuously lowers raw material unit prices; 2. Full capacity operation of ten-thousand-ton sodium cell manufacturing bases like Ma’anshan dilutes manufacturing fixed costs; 3. Full China domestic substitution of sodium salt electrolytes eliminates reliance on high-priced imported electrolytes, further expanding sodium battery cost advantages for large-scale energy storage projects.

• Q: Can customized dedicated communication protocols be developed for white-label sodium battery packs of overseas distributors to match local energy storage inverters?

  A: Full customized communication protocol development is supported (Modbus, RS485, CAN2.0B), compatible with mainstream local inverter brands in Europe and Southeast Asia. Our one-stop OEM & white-label service covers custom enclosure molding, logo printing, BMS program modification and exclusive packaging design. Technical drawings and solutions are delivered within 5 working days for 2.5GWh full-capacity Ma’anshan production lines to guarantee stable bulk order delivery for global distributors across Europe, Southeast Asia and North America, with auxiliary lithium battery OEM services available.

• Q: Can on-site engineers be dispatched to overseas large-scale energy storage projects for BMS commissioning and system integration guidance?

  A: Full global lifecycle technical services are offered, including system scheme design, on-site installation guidance, BMS parameter calibration and grid-connected commissioning for energy storage, telecom and mobility clients. Cooperative local technical service networks cover Europe and Southeast Asia to shorten after-sales response time and avoid long-distance travel delays for China domestic engineers.

• Q: What maximum high-voltage series system can customized sodium-ion battery packs support for energy storage?

  A: Single sodium cell nominal voltage stands at 2.85V or 3.0V, supporting series connection up to 1500V high-voltage energy storage clusters for grid-side energy storage power stations. Supporting dedicated high-voltage cascade BMS integrates dynamic balancing and overvoltage protection functions to meet national grid energy storage grid-connection standards.

• Q: Is the claim that sodium-ion batteries can directly replace lithium batteries without equipment replacement correct?

  A: This statement is incorrect. Sodium cells feature unique voltage platforms and charge-discharge curves completely different from lithium batteries, requiring dedicated matched BMS, chargers and inverters. Only lead-acid batteries with identical voltage levels support direct size replacement. Forced matching of sodium packs with lithium battery equipment will trigger incomplete charging, overcharging and permanent cell damage.

• Q: Is the statement that sodium-ion batteries have zero capacity attenuation consistent with actual performance?

  A: This is a widespread industry misunderstanding. Sodium batteries deliver far slower attenuation rates than lead-acid and conventional lithium batteries, yet minor capacity degradation still occurs after thousands of deep cycles. After 6,000 deep discharge cycles, NPFF sodium cells maintain over 82% rated capacity, fully meeting rated power demands within the 15-year design lifespan for energy storage without permanent zero-attenuation performance.

• Q: What are the advantages of sodium ion batteries for telecom base station backup power?

  A: Sodium iron phosphate sodium-ion batteries are ideal backup power sources for 4G & 5G telecom base stations. They feature wide temperature adaptability, excellent low-temperature discharge performance, long cycle life and high intrinsic safety. Compared with lead-acid and LiFePO4 batteries, sodium-ion batteries achieve lower long-term TCO, especially for outdoor remote communication towers and unmanned small cell sites. If you need customized 48V sodium battery solutions for base station projects, feel free to contact our engineering team.

• Q: Can sodium ion batteries be used for industrial UPS uninterruptible power supply systems?

  A: Yes. Modular sodium ion battery packs are widely applied in industrial UPS backup systems, server rooms and edge computing sites. Standard 48V sodium battery modules can match most mainstream UPS rectifiers and inverters. We provide standard and customized sodium battery models for short-term and long-duration UPS backup projects.

• Q: Sodium ion battery vs lead acid battery: which one suits remote base station power supply?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries are a better upgrade choice for remote telecom base stations. They have 3–5 times longer cycle life, maintenance-free design, superior cold resistance and no heavy metal pollution. Despite higher upfront cost, sodium batteries save considerable operation costs within 8–10 years compared with VRLA lead-acid batteries.

• Q: What operating temperature range can sodium ion base station batteries support?

  A: Our industrial-grade sodium ion batteries for telecom base stations work stably from -40°C to +60°C. Outstanding low-temperature performance reduces air-conditioning investment for outdoor base stations in alpine, desert and tropical regions. Contact us to get detailed temperature test reports.

• Q: Are 48V sodium ion battery packs plug and play for existing telecom base station rectifiers?

  A: Most 48V sodium ion modules come with built-in intelligent BMS and support RS485 communication protocol, compatible with mainstream telecom rectifiers. We suggest verifying charging parameters before large-scale replacement for 5G base station upgrade projects. Our technical support can offer matching suggestions.

• Q: Sodium ion battery vs LiFePO4 battery: which to select for UPS backup power?

  A: LiFePO4 owns higher energy density, while sodium ion batteries stand out in extreme temperature environments, safety performance and stable raw material cost. For outdoor UPS equipment and remote base station backup power, sodium-ion batteries become a cost-effective alternative to lithium iron phosphate batteries.

• Q: How many charge cycles can sodium ion batteries reach for base station and UPS applications?

  A: High-quality sodium iron phosphate batteries for stationary backup support 6000–8000 deep discharge cycles. With scientific BMS management, the service lifespan can reach 8–10 years, lowering battery replacement frequency for telecom base stations and UPS power systems.

• Q: Are sodium ion batteries safe for indoor UPS rooms and rooftop telecom base stations?

  A: Sodium ion cells possess excellent intrinsic safety with low thermal runaway risks under overcharge, short circuit or extrusion. Different from lithium batteries, sodium batteries can be discharged to 0V during transportation, improving safety during shipment, installation and daily maintenance.

• Q: Can sodium ion batteries support high-rate fast charging for telecom base station backup?

  A: Yes. Sodium ion technology supports fast high-rate charging. The battery can reach 80% SOC within 1 hour, perfectly coping with frequent short grid outages at communication sites, ensuring continuous power supply after grid recovery.

• Q: Is it allowed to mix sodium ion batteries and lithium batteries in one UPS or base station power system?

  A: Mixing sodium-ion batteries and LiFePO4 batteries in the same parallel or series system is NOT recommended. Different voltage platforms and charging characteristics will cause cell imbalance, shorten battery life and bring potential safety hazards to power supply systems.

• Q: What is the total cost of ownership (TCO) of sodium ion batteries for 5G base station backup?

  A: Sodium-ion batteries have slightly higher initial purchase cost than lead-acid batteries. Nevertheless, maintenance-free operation, longer service life and strong environmental adaptability help cut 25%~35% comprehensive operating costs within a 10-year operation cycle for 5G base station networks.

• Q: Can sodium ion battery packs be connected in parallel to expand capacity for large UPS systems?

  A: Modular sodium ion battery packs support series and parallel capacity expansion for large-capacity UPS systems and centralized communication power stations. Parallel connection requires consistent battery specifications and BMS parameters. Our team can provide professional wiring design solutions.

• Q: What standard capacity specifications are available for sodium ion batteries for telecom base station and UPS backup?

  A: Standard models: 48V 50Ah, 48V 100Ah, 48V 160Ah sodium ion battery modules for communication base stations. For UPS systems, we supply 12V modules and high-voltage customized clusters. OEM & ODM services are available to satisfy different backup duration demands.